AER Full Form: Types, Functions and Pathway, Download PDF

AER Full Form: Functions of AERs

• The agranular endoplasmic reticulum is the main intracellular storage depot for Ca²⁺.
• They are mostly found in those cells that are concerned with steroid or lipid synthesis (like the sebaceous and adrenal glands), carbohydrate metabolism (liver cells), conduction of impulses (muscle cells), and cells involved in pigment production (retinal pigment cells).
• They are also involved in synthesizing complex fatty acids and membrane lipids, including phospholipids and cholesterol.
• Steroid hormone synthesis is another aspect where AER takes part.
• The SERs in the hepatic cells are the major sites for removing xenobiotics (synthetic compounds not found in nature); catalyzed by the Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase family members present in SER, like in the hepatic cells.

RH + O₂ + 2 e^– -à ROH + H₂0

Here, RH- Xenobiotic compound.

AER Full Form: IP₃/DAG Pathway & Elevation of Cytosolic Ca²⁺:

1. The Opening of The Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca²⁺ channels can be triggered by ligand binding to GPCRs that activate the G_ao or G_aq subunit.
2. This leads to the activation of Phospholipase C.
3. The cleavage of PI (4,5)P₂ by Phospholipase C yields IP₃ and DAG.
4. IP₃ is a water-soluble molecule that leaves the plasma membrane and rapidly diffuses through the cytosol.
5. After diffusing through the cytosol, IP₃ interacts with and opens the IP₃-gated Ca²⁺ channels in the ER membrane.
6. This results in the release of the stored Ca²⁺ ions into the cytosol.
7. The rise in cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels results in the recruitment of Protein Kinase C (PKC) to the plasma membrane.
8. PKC is present as a soluble cytosolic protein that is catalytically inactive.
9. A rise in cytosolic Ca²⁺ level causes PKC to translocate to the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it interacts with membrane-associated DAG.
10. DAG then activates PKC.
11. The activated membrane-associated kinase can phosphorylate various enzymes and receptors, thereby altering its activity.
12. In many cells, PKC phosphorylates transcription factors localized in the cytosol, triggering their movement into the nucleus, where they activate the genes necessary for cell division.
13. In liver cells, PKC regulates glycogen metabolism by phosphorylating and inhibiting glycogen synthase.

Fig: The IP₃/DAG pathway and elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺ ions

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