Biology Notes on Plant tissues and Hormones for RRB Exam

By Rahul Ranjan|Updated : May 12th, 2019

In this article, we will discuss the plant tissues and hormones. Question from this section is important for the competitive exam. This topic is also useful for the upcoming  Railway Exams.

Plant Tissue

Tissue: it is an intermediate substance between cell and organ.The group of cells of similar origin, structure and functions is called tissue.

Types of Plant Tissue

(A) Meristematic tissue:

  • Meristematic tissues give rise to various organs and help plants to grow.
  • Meristematic tissues are those tissues in which the cells remain forever young and divide actively throughout the life of the plant.
  • These tissues have the capability of the cell division. 

Some features of Meristematic tissues are as follows :

  • It is round, oval or multi-sided.
  • The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall and cytoplasm is homogeneous.
  • Cell contains dense cytoplasm and a single large nucleus.
  • There is lack of inter-cellular spaces between the cells.
  • Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.

Apical Meristems: 

  • Found in the root and stem apex.
  • Produces auxin and causes the root to increase its length.

Lateral Meristems:

  • There is two type of secondary meristems which are also called as lateral meristems because they surround the plant stem and cause to grow them laterally.

Intercalary Meristems: 

  • Located at the base of the internode.
  • It is capable of cell division and allows for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots.
  • Its importance is for those plants whose apex parts are eaten by vegetarian animals.
  • After being eaten the apex part the plants grow with the help of intercalary meristems only. Like – grass.

(B) Permanent tissue:

  •  These are made of those mature tissues that have lost their capacity of the division.
  • And attain a definite form for various works.

Permanent tissues are of following types -

Simple tissue

Made up of similar types of cells, it is called simple tissue. 

Complex tissue

More than one cells work as a unit is called as called complex tissue.

 They are heterogeneous in nature. 

Type of Complex Tissues

  • Xylem and phloem are the complex tissues which constitute the component parts of the vascular bundle. They are also called vascular tissues.

Xylem:

  • Xylem is a complex tissue forming part of a vascular bundle.
  • Its main functions are –
    (a) Conduction of water and minerals
    (b) Provide mechanical support.

Dendrochronology- Determination of age of the plant is done by counting annual rings of the xylem tissue. 

Phloem

  • It is composed of sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma and some fibres.
  • Its main function is to conduct foods prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plant.

Plant Hormones and their functions:

Following hormones are found in plants –

Auxins:

  • Discovered by Darwin in the year 1880.
  • Controls the growth of plants.
  • They are produced in the stem, buds, and root tips.
  • Its main functions are –
    (a) Enhance stem growth and growth of lateral buds.
    (b) Auxin also plays a role in maintaining apical dominance.
    (c) Prevents the separation of the leaves.
    (d) It saves the crops from falling and It destroys the straws.

Gibberellins:

  • Discovered by a Japanese scientist Kurosawa in the year 1926.
  • Its main functions are-
    (a) Promotes stem elongation.
    (b) Motivates the seeds to be sprout.
    (c) Increases the activity of cambium in the wooden plants.

    (d) Turns the dwarf plants into long plants. And also. 
    (e) Helps in breaking the dormancy of plant.
    (f) Helps in creating flowering, Large sized fruits and flowers can be produced by its scattering.

Cytokinins:

  • Discovered by Miller in the year 1955 but it was named by Lethem.
  • Its main functions are-
    (a) Promotes cell division and development in the presence of auxins.
    (b) Naturally works in coordination with auxins.
    (c) Helps in breaking the dormancy of seed.
    (d) Enhance  RNA and protein synthesis.

Abscisic Acid or ABA:

  • Initially discovered by Carnes and Adicote and later on by Waring.
  • Abscisic acid is also produced in the roots in response to decreased soil water potential and other situations in which the plant may be under stress.
  • Its main functions are-
    (a) This hormone is against the growth.
    (b) Keeps the seeds & bud in the dormant condition.
    (c) Plays the main role in the separation of leaves.
    (d) Delays in the flowering of long day plant.

Ethylene:

  • The only hormone which is found in the gaseous form.
  • Its main functions are-
    (a) Helps in the ripening of fruit, the opening of flowers, and the abscission (or shedding) of leaves.
    (b) It increases the number of female flowers.
    (c) Motivates separation of leaves, flowers and fruits.

Florigens:

  • Formed in leaves but helps in controlling and/or triggering or blooming of flowers in plants.
  • Also called flowering hormones.

Traumatic:

  • Helps in fixing the injuries of plants.

 

More from us:

RRB JE Previous Question Papers PDF

Detailed Syllabus for CBT 1 & CBT 2

To help you with your preparation for RRB JE/CMA/DMS/IT 2019 Exam, BYJU'S Exam Prep has launched RRB JE 2019 CBT 1 Online Test Series in Hindi & English based on the latest pattern. This complete test contains 20 Full-length. While the 1st test of the test series is free, the complete pack costs Rs. 245/- only.

Detailed 100 Days Express Plan for RRB JE & Test Series Link

Download Gradeup, the best gate/ese/ssc je/rrb je app for Preparation

All the best!
Team BYJU'S Exam Prep

 

 

Comments

write a comment

Follow us for latest updates