Geographical Extent of IVC
1. Extent: The Indus valley civilization extended from Sutkagandor (in Baluchistan) in the West to Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East; and from Mandu (Jammu) in the North to Daimabad (Ahmednagar, Maharashtra) in the South.
Image source: NCERT
2. Important cities
City | River | Archaeological Importance |
Harappa (Pakistan) | Ravi | A row of 6 Granaries, Mother goddess figurines |
Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) | Indus | Great Granary, Great bath, Image of Pashupati Mahadeva, Image of Bearded man and Bronze image of a woman dancer |
Lothal (Gujarat) | Bhogava | Port city, Double burial, Terracotta horse figurines. |
Chanhudaro (Pakistan) | Indus | City without a citadel |
Dholavira (Gujarat) | Indus | City divided into 3 parts. |
Kalibangan (Rajasthan) | Ghaggar | Ploughed field |
Banawali (Haryana) | Ghaggar | - |
Sutkagandor (Pakistan) | - | - |
Sukotada (Gujarat) | - | - |
(a) Town planning and Structure of IVC
- Grid system(Chess-board) of town planning
- Rectangular houses with brick-lined bathrooms and wells together with stairways are found
- Use of Burnt bricks
- Underground drainage system
- Fortified citadel
(b) Agriculture of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Hindon – Cotton – Major trade good – earliest people to produce Cotton.
- Proofs of Rice husk found
- Wheat and Barley were majorly cultivated
- Use of wooden ploughshare. They had no idea about Iron implements.
(c) Domestication of animals
- Oxens, Buffalo, Goats, Sheep, and Pigs were domesticated
- Asses and camels were used as Beasts of Burden
- Elephants and Rhino were known
- Remains of horse found in Surkotada and evidence of horse in Mohenjodaro and Lothal are also found. But the civilization was not horse-centered.
(d) Technology and crafts
- Bronze (Copper + tin) tools widely used
- Stone implements were still in vogue
- Potter’s wheel was put to full use
- Bronzesmiths, Goldsmiths, Boat-Making, Brick-laying etc were other occupations commonly found
(e) Trade of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Presence of granaries, weights and measures, seals and uniform script signifies the importance of trade
- The barter system was widely prevalent
- Lothal, Sutkagendor were port cities used for conducting trade
- Trade destinations – Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia. Contacts with Mesopotamia civilization are also seen
(f) Political organization of IVC
- Cultural homogeneity achieved through a strong central authority
- No temples or religious structures found. Harappa was possibly ruled by Merchants class.
- Weapons are rarely found.
(g) Religious practices of IVC
- Terracotta figure of Mother Goddess.
- Phallu and Yoni worship.
- Pashupati Mahadev seal found with the elephant, tiger, rhino and a bull surrounding him with two deer near his feet.
(h) Tree and animal worship of IVC
- Pipal tree worship was found.
- One horned Unicorn recognized as Rhino and the humped bull was commonly worshipped.
- Use of Amulets to ward off ghosts and evil spirits.
- The lion was not known in Harappan culture.
(i) The Harappan script
- Harappan script Pictographic in nature but not deciphered so far.
- They are recorded on seals and contains only a few words
- Harappan Script is the oldest script in Indian Sub-continent
(j) Weights and Measures
- Use of standardized weights and measures to keep accounts of private property, to indulge in trade and commerce etc.
- Weights are found in multiples of 16.
(k) Harappan Pottery of IVC
- Well-developed Pottery techniques with elaborate designs of trees and circles.
- Redware pottery painted with black designs.
(l) Seals of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Seals were used for the purpose of trade or worship. Images of animals such as Buffalo, bull, tiger etc were found inscribed in the seals
(m) Statue of IVC
- Discovery of Bronze statue of a naked woman and bearded man steatite statue
(n) Terracotta figurines of IVC
- Terracotta – Fire baked earthen clay
- Used as toys or objects of worship
- Massive stone works were not found in Harappa which shows the poorly developed artistic works made of stone
(o) Origin, maturity, and end of IVC
- Pre-Harappan Settlements – Lower Sindh, Baluchistan, and Kalibangan.
- Mature Harappa – 1900BC – 2550BC.
- Causes for the decline of Civilization.
- Decreasing fertility due to increasing salinity on the account of the expansion of nearby desert.
- Sudden subsidence of uplift of land causing floods.
- Earthquakes caused changes in the course of Indus.
- Harappan culture destroyed by invading Aryans.
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