Important Materials

Concrete

1. Modulus of elasticity of concrete
   
   whre f_ck = characteristic strength of concrete
2. Tensile strength of concrete in flexure
   
3. Permissible value of strength in concrete

•  given in table is only for plain mild steel bar in tension.
•  value should be increased by 60% for deformed bars both in LSM and WSM.
• For bars in compression the value should be increased by 25%

Steel

1. Young's modulus of all type of steel is 2 × 10⁵ M/mm².

Type of steel

1. Mild steel → Fe 250
   Here, 250 is the characteristic strength of mild steel bars.Also, f_y = 250 N/mm²
2. HYSD bars
   Fe 415
   Fe 500
3. Permissible stresses in steel