Gender

The term gender identity was originally coined by Robert J. Stoller. People whose biological body they were born into matches their personal gender identity are described as cis-gender. People who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are known as transgender. People whose biological body they were born into matches their personal gender identity are described as cis-gender. People who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are known as transgender. Transgender individuals who alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy so that their physical being is aligned with gender identity are called transsexuals. People can also be gender queer, by either drawing on several gender positions or otherwise not identifying with any specific gender (nonbinary); or they may move across genders (gender fluid); or they may reject gender categories altogether (agender).

• The term “third gender” is often used by social scientists to describe cultures that accept non-binary gender positions.
• Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This includes biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors.
• Sexual orientation is their pattern of sexual interest in the opposite or same sex.
• Gender and sexuality are not just personal identities. They are social identities. They arise from our relationships to other people, and they depend upon social interaction and social recognition. They influence how we understand ourselves in relation to others.
• Gender roles in society means how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex.
• Gender norms are social principles that govern the behavior of girls, boys, women, and men in society and restrict their gender identity into what is considered to be appropriate.
• Androcentrism is the view that male centered norms are the basic standards that all members of society must follow. In Androcentric societies, masculine point of view is at the centre of one’s world view.
• Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are informed about the norms and behaviors associated with their assigned sex, usually during childhood development.
• According to Henslin, "an important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles." Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls.
• Gender, like all social identities, is socially constructed. Social constructionism is a social theory about how meaning is created through social interaction. This theory shows that gender is not a fixed or innate fact, but instead, it varies across time and place.
• The concept of hegemonic masculinity was first proposed by R.W Connell. It can be described as a practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of the common male population and women, and other marginalized ways of being a man.
• Gender inequality is a phenomenon in which different genders are not treated equally. The treatment may arise from distinctions regarding biology, psychology, or cultural norms prevalent in society.
• Gender relations can be defined as the ways in which a society defines rights, responsibilities, and the identities of different genders in relation to one another.
• Feminism can be defined as a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that seek political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
• Types of feminism:
• Liberal feminism advocates for equality between the sexes through social and political reforms, and legal means. It is also known as mainstream feminism.
• Radical feminism is a feminist perspective that demands a radical re-ordering of society where male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts.
• Socialist feminism rejects radical feminism's main claim that patriarchy is the only source of oppression of women. They see economic dependence as the driving force of women's subjugation to men.
• Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. It studies the ways in which social norms exert unjust dominance over women and nature.
• Intersectional feminism studies the different ways each woman experiences discrimination. It analyzes how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.

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