Electromagnetic Fields : Full Subject Revision Quiz, Formula Notes

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 Chapter-1
Electromagnetic Waves
1. Electromagnetic waves:
Maxwell’s equations predict the existence of electromagnetic waves that propagate in a vacuum with the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular and with ratio:

2. Energy in Electromagnetic waves:
The energy flow rate (power per unit area) of an electromagnetic wave is given by the Poynting vector The magnitude of the time-averaged value of S is called the intensity of the wave

3. Speed of light in materials
When light propagates through a material, its speed is lower than the speed in free space by a factor called the index of refraction

4. Reflection and refraction
At a smooth interface, the incident reflected and refracted rays and the normal to the interface all lie in a single plane. The angle of incidence and angle of reflection (measured from the normal) are equal θr = θa and the angle of refraction is given by Snell’s law:
sinθa = nb sin θb
5. Polarization
A polarizing filter passes waves that are linearly polarized along its polarizing axis. When polarized light of intensity Imax is incident on a polarizing filter used as an analyzer, the intensity I of the light transmitted depends on the angle between the polarization direction of the incident light and the polarizing axis of the analyzer

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