RCC & Prestressed Concrete - Shear, Torsion & Bond and Development Length Complete Study Notes

By Sidharth Jain|Updated : February 24th, 2022

Complete coverage of the APPSC AE Exam syllabus is a very important aspect for any competitive examination but before that important subjects and their concept must be covered thoroughly. In this article, we are going to discuss the Shear, Torsion & Bond and Development Length topic which is very useful for APPSC AE Exams.

A. LIMIT STATE OF SHEAR

1. INTRODUCTION

RCC structures are generally subjected three type of shear stresses namely Flexural shear, punching shear and torsional shear. Diagonal tension arises in the section due to the shear forces which results in formation of cracks in concrete as concrete is weak in tension. Hence, limit state of shear must be checked in design of section. Shear reinforcement is provided in the form of vertical stirrup or bent up bars.

Following are the major mechanism in which shear failure takes place:

(i) Diagonal Tension: At the support of simply supported beam, bending stresses are zero and the shear stresses are maximum. Thus, tensile stresses generated along a plane inclined at 45˚ to the horizontal. As concrete is weak in tension, cracks start to develop at an angle of 45˚.

byjusexamprep

(ii) Flexural Shear: This type of cracks occurs due to large bending moment and small shear force. Cracks are normally inclined at 90˚ to the horizontal.

byjusexamprep

(iii) Diagonal Compression: This type of failure also takes place along with diagonal tension in heavily reinforced section. It is characterised by crushing of concrete.


NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS

The average shear stress can be calculated using the following formula:

byjusexamprep

Where,

Vu = ultimate shear stress at the section

b = width of the section

d = effective depth of the section

For beams with varying depth

byjusexamprep

Where,

β = inclination of flexural tensile force to the horizontal.

Mu = factored bending moment at the section.

 

 

Bond, Anchorage and Development Length

Bond stress image001

image002

image003

Where V = Shear force at any section

d = Effective depth of the section

∑ p = Sum of all perimeter of reinforcement

image004

n = Number of reinforcement

image005 diameter of reinforcement

Permissible bond stress

As per IS 456 : 2000

image006

  • These value of bond stress is for plain bar in tension.
  • For deformed bar the above value should be increased by 60%.
  • For bar in compression the above value should be increased by 25%.

Development Length (Ld)

image008

image007

Shear stress

Shear stress

(a) For Homogeneous beam

image009

image010

where,

q = shear stress at any section

V = shear force at any section

image011 Moment of area of section above the point of consideration

I = Moment of inertia of section

 image012

(b) For Reinforced concrete beam

image013

(i) Shear stress above NA

image014

(ii) Shear stress below NA 

image015

Nominal shear stress, image016

Design shear strength of concrete image017 without shear reinforcement as per IS 456: 2000 image018 depends on

(i) Grade of concrete

(ii) Percentage of steel,

image019

Where,

Ast = Area of steel

b = Width of the Beam

d = Effective depth of the beam

image020

Maximum shear stress image021 with shear reinforcement is

image022

image023

Minimum shear reinforcement (As per IS 456 : 2000)

image024 

This is valid for both WSM and LSM

image025 

where,

ASV = Area of shear reinforcement

SV = Spacing for shear reinforcement

Spacing of shear reinforcement

Maximum spacing is minimum of (i), (ii) and (iii)

(i) image026

(ii) 300 mm

(iii) 0.75 → For vertical stirrups

d → For inclined stirrups

where, d = effective depth of the section

image028

(a) Critical section X-X at d from the face of the support

image029

(b) Critical section X-X at the face of the support

The above provisions are applicable for beams generally carrying uniformly distributed load or where the principal load is located beyond 2d from the face of the support.

Vertical stirrups:

image030

Shear force VS will be

Resisted by shear Reinforcement provided in 'd' length of the beam,

image031

where, ASV = Cross-sectional area of stirrups

SV = Centre to centre spacing of stirrups

image032

Inclined stirrups: or a series of bars bent-up at different cross-section:

image033

Bent up Bars:

  • Single or a group of bent up bars are provided at distance image034 from support.

Generally bar should not be bent up beyond a distance l/4 from the support. Where l = length of span.

 B. LIMIT STATE OF TORSION

  1. INTRODUCTION

In RCC structures generally torsion is accompanied by flexure and shear. It occurs if the line of action of force does not passes through the shear centre. Torsion is divided into two categories:

(i) Primary Torsion: Developed due to eccentric loading.

(ii) Secondary Torsion: Torsion is induced in the structure due to rotation of a member which depends on torsional stiffness of the member.

  1. DESIGN OF TORSION

Torsion induces shear stress in the member which causes warping of non-circular section. Diagonal tension develops in the section which causes torsional cracking in the section. Torsional strength is improved by providing longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement helps in reducing cracks through dowel action while transverse reinforcement helps in resisting shear stresses.

As per IS 456 the effect of torsional stresses is divided into

(i) Equivalent Shear

(ii) Equivalent moment

2.1. Equivalent Shear

byjusexamprep

Ve = Equivalent shear force

Vu = Shear force

Tu = Torsional moment

B = Width of the section

The equivalent nominal shear stress is calculated by dividing the equivalent shear force divided by area of the section.

2.2.  Longitudinal reinforcement

The longitudinal tension reinforcement should be designed to carry equivalent bending moment of

 byjusexamprep

 

Where,

Mu = Flexural moment

Mt =  byjusexamprep

Tu = Torsional moment

D = Overall depth of the section

b = width of the section

  • If numerical value of Mt exceeds the numerical value of Mu, compression longitudinal reinforcement is provided to resist the bending moment equal to (Mt – Mu).
  • The reinforcement should be provided close to the corners.
  • If the depth of the section exceeds 450 mm, the area of reinforcement equal to 0.1% of web area should be distributed equally on both faces.

2.3.  Transverse Reinforcement

As per Is 456, transverse reinforcement is provided in the form of two legged closed hoops. The area of transverse reinforcement is obtained by the following formula:

byjusexamprep

Where,

Tu = Torsional moment

Vu = Shear force

sv = Spacing of shear reinforcement

b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bar in the direction of width

d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bar in the direction of depth

b = width of the member

fy = Characteristics strength of stirrup reinforcement

τve = equivalent nominal shear stress

τc = shear strength of concrete

Note: The distribution of transverse reinforcement should be such that the spacing should be a minimum value of x1byjusexamprep or 300 mm where x1 and y1 are short and long dimension of stirrup.

byjusexamprep

x1 = b1 + Diameter of longitudinal bar + Diameter of stirrup

y1 = d1 + Diameter of longitudinal bar + Diameter of stirrup

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