Committees on Education before Independence
Lord Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 | - Amidst Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, Macaulay supported the latter view.
- The English language was chosen as the sole medium of education.
- The government decided to spend limited resources for teaching western sciences and literature.
- They adopted ‘downward filtration theory’ instead of mass education.
Note: ‘Downward filtration theory’ means teaching a few upper- and middle-class people would produce interpreters which would eventually penetrate to the masses. However, this theory failed miserably as envisaged by the British but has helped in the growth of Modern Intelligentsia who shaped the struggle for independence. |
Wood’s Despatch, 1854 | - This was also known as “Magna Carta of English Education in India”.
- It rejected ‘downward filtration theory’.
- It recommended English for higher studies and vernaculars at the school level.
- Secular education.
- Encouraged private enterprises.
|
Hunter Education Commission, 1882-83 | - Its objective was to assess the Wood Dispatch.
- It emphasized on state’s role in improving education.
- Advocated for transfer of control to local bodies (district and municipal boards).
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Rayleigh Commission, 1902 | - To review the performance of universities in India.
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Saddler University Commission, 1917-19 | - The commission was set up to review Calcutta University which later extended to all universities.
- 12+3 program (12-year schooling and 3-year degree)
- A separate board of secondary and intermediate education were to be set up.
- It laid stress on Female education, applied scientific and technological education, teachers’ training.
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Hartog Committee, 1929 | - Laid emphasis on primary education.
- Quality of education was given priority over a number of schools and colleges.
- Admissions were highly restricted.
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Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937) | - Zakir Hussain committee formulated this national scheme for basic education.
- The main principle of ‘learning through activity’.
- secular in approach.
- First seven years of schooling through mother tongue and English after 8th.
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Sergeant Plan of Education, 1944 | - The sergeant was the educational advisor to the British Government.
- He advocated a number of reforms and aimed to make the Indian education system equivalent to that of England in 40 years. But it seriously lacked methodology for implementation. It was just lip service of the government.
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Now Let's see a question on this:
Q. Which Committee in the history of Indian education discussed ‘wastage and stagnation’ first of all?
- Hartog Committee
- Yashpal Committee
- Mehta Committee
- Zakir Hussain Committee
Answer: A
Solution: In 1929, in the history of Indian education ‘wastage and stagnation’ was first of discussed and problem-related to it were highlighted by Hartog committee.
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