The Revolt of 1857

The Revolt of 1857 is of steppingstone and is regarded as the primary outburst of resentment of simmering anger due to the prevailing discontent against the Britishers. Many revolts took place later such as battles of Plassey and Buxar, which are regarded as the landmark and decisive battles in shaping the modern historical regime.

The genesis of the revolt:

started by the soldiers and later spread across the country by peasants, artisans, and so on.
The soldiers had worked for the East India Company and sacrificed their lives for the sake of others.
People of different religions of India came together and fought united for one cause in this revolt.

Nature of the revolt

V.D. Savarkar called 1857 revolt as the First War of Indian Independence.
Dr S.N. Sen describes it as "having begun as a fight for religion but ended as a war of independence."
Dr. R.C. Majumdar considers it as neither the first, nor national, nor a war of independence.
As per some British historians, it was just a peasant sepoy mutiny.

Causes of the revolt:

Economic Causes

Highly unpopular revenue settlement
Heavy taxation – causing peasants to go for a loan from moneylenders at usurious prices
British policy discouraged Indian handicrafts which were not accompanied by the development of modern industries
Excessive interference by Britishers: loss of status for Zamindars

Political Causes

Subsidiary Alliance – of Lord Wellesley
The doctrine of Lapse – of Lord Dalhousie
Religious Disabilities Act, 1856 –change in religion would not debar child to inherit property

Administrative Causes

Rampant corruption in the Company's administration – especially at a lower level (police, petty officials)
No focus on Indian development

Socio-Religious Causes

Britisher’s attitude of superiority
Activities of Christian missionaries
The attempts at socio-religious reform such as the abolition of Sati, support to widow-remarriage
and women's education
To tax mosque and temple lands

Immediate Causes

General Service Enlistment Act – decreed future recruits to serve anywhere even beyond seas.
Inferior emoluments compared to his British counterpart.
News of mixing of bone dust in wheat flours
The cartridge of Enfield rifle was made of beef and pork fat

Influence of Contemporary Events

First Afghan War (1838-42)
Punjab Wars (1845-49
Crimean Wars (1854-56)
Santhal rebellion (1855-57)

Important facts of the Revolt

Meerut incident - 19th Berhampur Native Infantry refused to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle and mutiny broke out in February 1857, later dissolved in Mar' 1857.
The 34th Native Infantry's young sepoy, Mangal Pandey, fired at his unit's sergeant major at Barrackpore.
The 7^th Awadh Regiment was also disbanded
Meerut rose to revolt May 10, they released their imprisoned comrades, killed their officers and moved to Delhi after sunset.
Delhi- Centre of the Great Revolt

Leaders of the revolt

At Delhi, the symbolic leadership was to the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah, but the real command was led by General Bakht Khan.
Kanpur rose under Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, AZimullah Khan. Sir Hugh Wheeler, commanding the station, surrendered. Nan Saheb declared himself the Peshwa and Bahadhur Shah as Emperor of India
Begum Hazrat Mahal took over the reign of Lucknow and Birjis Qadir, her son, was declared Nawab. Henry Lawrence, the British resident, was killed. The remaining Europeans were evacuated by Sir Colin Campbell, the new commander - in - chief.
At Bareilly, Khan Bahadur, in Bihar, Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Jagdishpur and Maulvi Ahmadullah of Faizabad led the revolt at their respective places.
Rani Laxmibai, the most outstanding leader of the revolt, was driven out of Jhansi with the application of Lapse's Doctrine as Lord Dalhousie, the Governor - General refused to allow her adopted son to succeed to the throne.

Suppression of the revolt

The Britishers considered this revolt as a serious threat to their regime and considerably changed their policies to overcome this rebellion, and they could succeed also.

On September 20, 1857, the British captured Delhi. John Nicholson was the leader of the siege, succumbed to injuries later.
The Revolt of 1857 lasted for more than a year and was suppressed by the middle of 1858. On July 8, 1858, fourteen months after the outbreak at Meerut, peace was finally proclaimed by Lord Canning.
Bahadur Shah was taken the prisoner, exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862. Royal princes were publicly shot point-blank by Lieutenant Hudson. With the fall of Delhi, one by one all local revolts were suppressed.
Sir Colin Campbell recaptured Kanpur and Lucknow.
At Benaras, a rebellion was mercilessly suppressed, by Colonel Neil.

Causes of failure of the revolt

Bahadur Shah has gone old and weak, so unable to lead the revolt.
Limited territorial spread
Most parts of India remained more or less unaffected.
Many Big zamindars supported Britishers.
Modern educated Indians viewed the revolt as backwards-looking
The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped materially.
The revolt was poorly organized with no central leadership or coordination.
The revolt lacked a clear understanding of the British rule and was poorly prepared.

The memories of the Revolt had a deep impression in the consciousness of both Britishers as well as the Indian subjects. While Britishers labelled it merely as a “Sepoy Mutiny”, the nationalist elite glorified and regarded it as the ‘first war of Indian independence’.

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