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Preventive Detention: Meaning, Significance | PD Act UPSC Notes

By BYJU'S Exam Prep

Updated on: November 14th, 2023

Preventive Detention, sometimes referred to as a preventive measure rather than a punitive one, can be defined as the imprisonment of a person without a trial. The PD Act is allegedly justified for non-punitive purposes. The arrest and detention under conventional criminal prison, applicable in both a crisis and a calm scenario, are completely distinct from the essence of the law on Preventive Detention. Detained or arrested are protected by Article 22 of the Indian Constitution. Even during the British era, preventive imprisonment was practised in India.

Preventive detention has long been a contentious issue in legal systems worldwide, including India. It empowers the government to detain individuals based on suspicion or the likelihood of their involvement in activities that pose a threat to society. it is essential to examine the scope, and limitations, associated with preventive detention to ensure that it is not misused and that individual rights are adequately protected. Studying the concept of preventive detention sheds light on the complexities and challenges inherent in striking a balance between security imperatives and safeguarding civil liberties.

Preventive Detention

Preventive detention, also known as administrative detention, refers to the act of taking someone into custody based on the belief that they pose a potential threat to law and order. This type of detention is authorized by the executive branch, with administrative authorities having sole decision-making power. Under Section 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973, preventive detention is conducted based on suspicion of the person’s involvement in potential criminal activities. Unlike other forms of detention, such as arrest with a warrant, preventive detention allows the police to apprehend individuals without requiring a warrant or magistrate’s instructions. However, the Indian Constitution Article 22 provides certain protections against arbitrary detention and arrest.

Individuals who are arrested and detained enjoy various rights outlined in Articles 22(1) and (2) of the Constitution, preventive detention operates under different provisions as stated in Article 22(3). Consequently, the protections afforded to individuals in preventive detention differ. The safeguards regarding preventive detention are defined in clauses (4) to (7) of Article 22. These provisions aim to strike a balance between maintaining public safety and safeguarding individual liberties. Understanding the legal framework and provisions surrounding preventive detention is essential to comprehend the scope and limitations of this practice, as well as to ensure that it is applied in accordance with constitutional principles and human rights standards.

Preventive Detention Act, 1950

The Preventive Detention Act, 1950, or the PD Act, supports human imprisonment where it is necessary for state purposes such as national defence, keeping the peace and maintaining public order, handling foreign affairs, etc.

  • In the case of AK Gopalan v. The State of Madras, when it was evident that a person’s freedom did not qualify as guaranteed under Article 21, the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 was challenged in court.
  • After adopting a restrictive interpretation of Articles 21 and 22, the Supreme Court declined to consider the judicial system’s shortcomings.
  • In the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India decision, the court considerably broadened the definition of personal liberty and how it should be used.
  • The court ruled that Article 19 is not preempted by Article 21 and that any legislation restricting a citizen’s personal freedom must pass both Article 19 and 21’s scrutiny.

Important Judgements by Supreme Court on Preventive Detention

Preventive detention has been a subject of discussion and interpretation in various cases heard by the Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court’s judgments have helped establish the legal framework and principles surrounding preventive detention, clarifying its scope and the rights of individuals subject to such detention. Below are some of the Important Judgements by the Supreme Court on Preventive Detention:

  • AK Gopalan v. State of Madras: The Court upheld the legality of the Preventive Detention Act and emphasized that Article 22 of the Constitution provides comprehensive procedural protections for preventive detention.
  • Ram Manohar Lohia v. State of Bihar: The Court distinguished between the concepts of “public order,” “security of the state,” and “law and order,” stating that acts pertaining solely to law and order cannot be a sufficient basis for a detention order.
  • Anil Dey v. State of West Bengal: The Court ruled that while courts cannot substitute their judgment for that of the detaining authority, they can examine whether the satisfaction leading to a detention order is sincere and real, rather than arbitrary or fictitious.
  • Alijav v. District Magistrate, Dhanbad: The Supreme Court clarified that preventive detention does not punish individuals for offenses committed but aims to prevent actions that may endanger the security of the state.
  • Ankul Chandra Pradhan v. Union of India: The Court reiterated that the purpose of preventive detention is to avert potential threats to the security of the state, emphasizing that it is not meant to be punitive in nature.

Significance of Preventive Detention

Preventive Detention Act, despite its controversial nature, holds significance in India due to its role in maintaining internal security and preventing activities that pose a threat to national security. Here are the key points regarding the significance of the Preventive Detention Act:

  • National Security: The Act aims to safeguard the internal security and defense of the nation by allowing authorities to take preventive measures against individuals involved in anti-national activities or potential threats.
  • Counterterrorism Efforts: Preventive detention plays a crucial role in combating terrorism by enabling authorities to detain individuals suspected of engaging in terrorist activities, disrupting terrorist networks, and preventing potential acts of violence.
  • Preservation of Foreign Exchange: Certain preventive detention laws, such as COFEPOSA, were enacted to preserve and enhance foreign exchange and discourage illegal activities related to smuggling and money laundering.
  • Maintenance of Law and Order: The Act provides authorities with the power to detain individuals who may disrupt law and order, ensuring the overall peace and stability within the country.
  • Flexibility and Proactive Approach: Preventive detention allows authorities to take action before a crime is committed, offering a preventive approach to maintain public safety and security.
  • Upholding Constitutional Provisions: Although preventive detention provisions may limit certain fundamental rights, they are deemed necessary for protecting the larger interests of the nation, as recognized under Article 22 of the Indian Constitution.
  • Response to Emerging Threats: Over the years, various acts related to preventive detention have been enacted or repealed based on evolving security challenges and emerging threats, reflecting the government’s commitment to adapting measures as per the changing landscape of national security.

Preventive Detention UPSC

Preventive Detention Act, a legislation allowing the detention of individuals without trial for preventive purposes, is an important topic in the exam, falling under the section of Polity and Governance in the UPSC Syllabus. Candidates should also stay updated with Current Affairs as the Preventive Detention Act often remains in the news. This will help them stay informed about any recent developments, debates, or amendments related to the Act.

Candidates are advised to study the meaning, significance, and important judicial pronouncements related to the Preventive Detention Act, as mentioned above, to gain a comprehensive understanding of this topic. Additionally, solving UPSC Previous Year Question Papers will provide insights into the type of questions that can be expected in the examination, enhancing their exam preparation.

Preventive Detention Act UPSC Questions

Regular practice of questions related to the Preventive Detention Act will familiarize candidates with the topics covered in the UPSC Exam. Experts have curated questions specifically designed to assist candidates in practicing and becoming familiar with the types of questions asked in the examination. By engaging in such practice, candidates can enhance their understanding for the Preventive Detention Act topic of the exam.

Question: Under which constitutional provision is the Preventive Detention Act implemented in India? (A) Article 21, (B) Article 22, (C) Article 19, (D) Article 32

Answer: (B) Article 22

Question: The Preventive Detention Act allows for the detention of an individual without trial for a maximum period of: (A) 3 months, (B) 6 months, (C) 1 year, (D) 2 years

Answer: (D) 2 years

For UPSC Mains

Question: Discuss the provisions and constitutional validity of the Preventive Detention Act in India. Analyze the balance between individual liberties and state security concerns under this act.

Question: Analyze the effectiveness of the Preventive Detention Act as a tool for maintaining public order and national security. Critically evaluate its impact on civil liberties and the potential for misuse, highlighting any necessary safeguards and reforms.

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