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Multiplexing in Computer Network

By BYJU'S Exam Prep

Updated on: September 25th, 2023

Multiplexing and digital coding techniques are the different ways of sending a signal and the different coding techniques. Multiplexing is an essential method used in modern communication systems to transmit multiple signals over a single communication channel. Multiplexing involves combining multiple signals into a single stream, while digital coding techniques involve converting analog signals into digital signals for efficient transmission and storage.

Multiplexing GATE Notes(Download PDF)

In this article, you will find the study Notes on Multiplexing, which will cover the topics such as Multiplexing, Frequency Division Multiplexing, Time Division Multiplexing, Code Division Multiplexing, Digital Modulation Schemes, ASK, PSK, FSK, DPSK and Comparison of Digital Modulation Schemes.

What is Multiplexing?

The multiplexing technique is commonly used in telecommunications and computer networks to maximize the use of available bandwidth and optimize data transfer efficiency. There are several types of multiplexing, including time-division multiplexing (TDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). TDM divides the transmission medium into time slots, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted sequentially. FDM divides the transmission medium into frequency bands, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously. WDM divides the transmission medium into multiple optical channels of different wavelengths, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted over a single fiber optic cable.

Multiplexing has numerous applications in modern technology, including in digital television broadcasting, internet networking, and telephone communication systems. By allowing multiple signals to be transmitted over a single transmission medium, multiplexing enables faster data transfer and improved efficiency in communication systems. Multiplexing is an essential technique that plays a crucial role in modern telecommunications and computer networks, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth and improved data transfer speeds.

What

Different Ways of Multiplexing

Multiplexing is an important concept for the GATE CSE exam. it is the process of combining multiple signals or data streams into a single signal or transmission medium. There are several different methods of multiplexing, including time-division multiplexing (TDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), code-division multiplexing (CDM), and space-division multiplexing (SDM).

  • Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
  • Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
  • Code Divisional Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency Division Multiplexing

In FDMA, we divide the whole bandwidth of the channel into small segments and allot it to different users so that they can access the channel at the same time by using their allotted bandwidth.

Frequency

Time Division Multiplexing

In TDMA, the whole time slot is divided among different users so that at a time only one user is accessing the channel.

Time

Key Points

  • The bandwidth requirement in TDMA and FDMA is almost the same for the same number of users.
  • The TDMA system can be used to multiplex analog or digital signals, however, it is more suitable for digital signal multiplexing.
  • The communication channel over which the TDMA signal is traveling should ideally have an infinite bandwidth in order to avoid signal distortion. Such channels are known as band-limited channels.

Code Division Multiplexing (CDMA)

  • Instead of splitting the RF channel into sub-channels or time slots, each slot has a unique code. In the diagram, the channel is split into four code slots.

Digital Modulation Schemes

Digital Modulation Schemes are techniques used to modify digital signals to be transmitted over a communication channel. These techniques involve varying one or more of the signal’s properties, such as amplitude, phase, or frequency, to carry information. There are several types of digital modulation schemes, including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

Digital Carrier Modulation: Commonly used digital modulation schemes are

  • Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
  • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
  • Phase Shift Keying (PSK).

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

  • The amplitude of a high-frequency carrier is varied in accordance with digital data (0 or 1).

Amplitude

S(t) = Ac cos 2πfct; 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb

= 0; otherwise

Amplitude

  • Bandwidth = 2 × 1/Tb= 2 × bit rate
  • For digital input 1 amplitude level is high and for digital input 0 amplitude level is low.
  • The signaling used is on-off signaling.

Demodulation of ASK

  • For binary digit 1, Ac cos 2π fct × Ac cos 2πfct = (A2c/2)[1 + cos 4πfct]

Amplitude

  • Output of LPF = (A2/2)
  • For binary digit 0 output of LPF = 0
  • In ASK, the probability of error (Pe) is high.
  • In ASK, SNR is less.

Know More: Difference between Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

  • In phase shift, the keying phase of the high-frequency carrier is varied in accordance with digital data 1 or 0.

Digital-Communications_files

  • NRZ signaling is used.

S(t) = Ac cos 2πfct for bit 1

= – Ac cos 2pfct for bit 0

image022

  • The frequency of the carrier must be multiple of a bit rate.

Tb = n/fc

Fc = nrb

  • In the case of PSK, the probability of error is less.
  • In the case of PSK, SNR is high.
  • Mainly used technique in wireless transmission.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

  • In frequency shift keying, frequency of carrier is varied in accordance with digital data (1 or 0).
  • For digital data 0, we use frequency f2 and For digital data 1 we use frequency f1.

Frequency

  • NRZ signaling is used here
  • VCO: The schematic diagram of VCO is given below

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Bandwidth = 2Δf + 2fm

Frequency

Bandwidth = f1 + (1/Tb) – f2 + (1/Tb)

= f1 – f2 + (2/Tb); f1 – f2 = 2Δf

Key Points

  • In the case of FSK, SNR is high but Pe is less.
  • Multiplexing is difficult in FSK.

Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)

In PSK it needs a complicated synchronizing circuit at the receiver, this disadvantage of PSK is removed in DPSK.

Differential

VDPSK(t) = V(t)/V

A cos ω0t = ± A cos ω0t

Note: The advantage of DPSK over PSK is, DPSK does not require a coherent carrier for demodulation.

Comparison of Digital Modulation Schemes

Digital modulation schemes are used to modulate a digital signal onto an analog carrier signal for efficient transmission over a communication channel. There are several types of digital modulation schemes that differ in their complexity, data rate, and susceptibility to noise and interference.

Comparison

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