Information & Communications Technology(ICT) Short Notes Part-2

By Rahul Ranjan|Updated : December 24th, 2018

Navigation systems

Navigation is the science of finding a way from one place to another. The present navigation systems typically use a satellite navigation device.The navigation systems existing at present are,

Navigation Systems

Whose?

Characteristics

GPS

USA

Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is currently the world’s most utilized satellite navigation system

Uses up to 32 satellites

GLONASS

Russia

Has global coverage

Uses 24 satellites

BeiDou

China

Regional network

To be expanded into the whole globe as BeiDou-2 with 35 satellites

GALILEO

EU

Is expected to be in full service in 2020

NAVIC

India

Regional network using 7 satellites

Expected to be fully operational soon

QZSS

Japan

Regional network under development using 3 satellites

 

IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. An Extended Service Area lies between primary service area and area enclosed by the rectangle from Latitude 30 deg South to 50 deg North, Longitude 30 deg East to 130 deg East.

IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20m in the primary service area.

 

How Position is determined?

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Trilateration Meth.od is used for determining position.

  • The time taken by signals from three satellites to reach the location is used.
  • The required location is where three spheres created by a distance from each of three satellites as radius, overlap.
  • A fourth satellite is used to double-check the location.
  • In contrast to triangulation, it does not involve the measurement of angles.

GAGAN (GPS aided GEO augmentation and navigation):

  • The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Airports Authority of India (AAI) have implemented the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation-GAGAN project as a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) for the Indian Airspace.
  • The objective of GAGAN to establish, deploy and certify satellite-based augmentation system for safety-of-life civil aviation applications in India has been successfully completed.
  • The system is interoperable with other international SBAS systems like US-WAAS, European EGNOS, and Japanese MSAS etc.
  • GAGAN GEO footprint extends from Africa to Australia and has expansion capability for seamless navigation services across the region.
  • GAGAN provides the additional accuracy, availability, and integrity necessary for all phases of flight, from enroute through approach for all qualified airports within the GAGAN service volume.
  • GAGAN Payload is already operational through GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 satellites. The third GAGAN payload will be carried onboard GSAT-15 satellite which is scheduled for launch this year.

 

Internet of Things(IOT):

  • The Internet of Things is about connecting Internet-enabled devices to cloud-based applications and to each other.
  • The devices can be anything from mobile phones, fridges, washing machines to wearables, medical equipment or jet engines. 
  • IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), microservices and the internet.
  • IoT uses the web and unique identifiers such as RFID tags or processors in order to be part of the internet.
  • IPv6’s huge increase in address space, which could provide a unique address for each device, is an important factor in the development of the Internet of Things. 
  • The devices have the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. 

IOT Applications

Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in various systems to the internet. Thus they can be controlled from anywhere. This connectivity helps to capture more data from more places, and helps in increasing efficiency and improving safety & security. Some of the applications are,

Business

  • Power utilities, oil & gas, insurance, manufacturing, transportation, infrastructure and retail sectors etc can reap the benefits of IoT by making more informed decisions
  • can help organizations reduce cost through improved process efficiency, asset utilization and productivity
  • can benefit from real-time insights and analytics, which would help them make smarter decisions

Smart Homes

  • with connected devices which can be controlled from mobile phones
  • better security

Health Care

  • smart monitors, remote monitoring
  • smart implants
  • smart beds

Smart Wearables

  • smartwatches
  • smart clothes

Smart City

  • Includes a wide variety of uses, from traffic management to water distribution, to waste management, urban security and environmental monitoring.
  • Promise to alleviate the urban problems.
  • Can help make cities safer.

Smart Grids

  • promises to use information about the behaviors of electricity suppliers and consumers in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, and economics of electricity

Automobiles

  • driverless cars
  • connected cars

Smart farming

  • Due to the remoteness of farming operations and the large number of livestock that could be monitored the Internet of Things could revolutionize the way farmers work.

 

 E-Governance

The ICT helps to simplify tasks, make the government processes more efficient and the delivery of government services more effective. It also can improve citizen participation in governance.

E-Governance in India has steadily evolved from computerization of Government Departments to initiatives that promotes citizen centricity, service orientation and transparency.

The concepts in e-governance include,

  • Management Information System (MIS) – refers to the processing of information through computers and other intelligent devices to manage and support managerial decisions within an organization
  • Decision Support System (DSS) –  for development , planning and responsive administration in governments which led to the genesis of present day “e-Government” concept
  • Bridging the Digital Divide
  • Social and Financial Inclusion through ICT
  • Reaching- the-Unreached

Models

The four basic models are available – government-to-citizen (customer), government-to-employees, government-to-government, and government-to-business

G2C

The goal of government-to-customer (G2C) e-governance is to offer a variety of ICT services to citizens in an efficient and economical manner, and to strengthen the relationship between government and citizens using technology

Ex- ‘MeeSeva’ of Andrapradesh government – “MeeSeva” in Telugu means, ‘At your service’, i.e. service to citizens and facilitates single entry portal for entire range of G2C& G2B services

G2E

Help employees maintain communication with the government and vice versa. e-payroll, e-training, online PPF etc are some examples

Ex:- The pensions Mission Mode Project – aimed at making the pension or retirement related information, services and grievances handling mechanism accessible online

G2G(E-government)

Aimed at efficient file routing, quick search and retrieval of files and office orders, digital signatures for authentication, forms and reporting components etc.

Examples

  • e-office project of central government
  • Computerization of the PDS covering key functional areas such as supply chain management including allocation and utilization reporting, storage and movement of food grains, grievance redressal and transparency portal, digitization of beneficiary database, Fair Price Shop automation, etc.

G2B

Refers to the conduction through the Internet between government agencies and business companies. The Main Goal of Government to Business is

  • Lowering cost of doing business
    • electronic transaction save time 
  • Cutting red tape
    • rules and regulation placed upon business normally take time and are most likely to cause a delay
    • G2B will allow a much faster process with less delays and decreasing the number of rules and regulations
  • Transparency
    • More information will be available
    • makes business transactions transparent
    • Better interaction between business’ stake holders and governments

Example 

  • MCA 21 – By the Ministry of Corporate Affairs
  • e-Government Procurement (e-GP) Mission Mode Projects – to create a national initiative to implement procurement reforms, through the use of electronic Government procurement, so as to make public procurement in all sectors more transparent and efficient

 Technology in Education

One of the most visible effects of ICT advancements is the knowledge revolution. The knowledge once that was accessible only to the elite class, who could get admissions to the premier institutions, is now democratized. The quality and reach of knowledge sources are improving day by day.

The application of technology in education can be as follows,

 Content Generation

Digitalization 

  • has helped in making lessons easy for educators
  • more data at fingertips
  • easy search and sorting of contents
  • There are already a variety of apps which offer a lot of variations and possibilities

Use of visual media

  • learning is effective when combined with visual and audible media
  • animators can produce curiosity-igniting videos

Augmented reality (AR)

  • provides students and teachers the opportunity to create layers of digital information, that includes both virtual world and real world elements, to interact with in real time.

Alternate teaching approaches

Flipped classroom 

  • This is an instructional strategy in which computer-assisted teaching is integrated with classroom instruction.
  • Students are given basic essential instruction, such as lectures, before class instead of during class.
  • This frees up classroom time for teachers to more actively engage with learners

Computer-supported collaborative learning – E-learning 2.0

  • is “learning as a network phenomenon”
  • The idea of learning through digital connections and peer collaboration, enhanced by technologies driving Web 
  • is a form of informal learning

Linear learning 

  • refers to self-paced learning activities delivered on a computer or handheld device such as a tablet or smartphone
  • Ex- the apps offered by educational ventures like Byju’s Learning App

 Knowledge Revolution

The knowledge revolution comes with accessibility and availability of the teaching resources. 

  • Streaming audio over the internet with webcasts and podcasts and sharing platforms like youtube
  • OpenCourseWare (OCW) gives the free public access to information used in undergraduate and graduate programs of distinguished institutes
  • Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have significantly expanded the reach of formal education
  • Group web pages, blogs etc allow learners and educators to post thoughts, ideas, and comments on a website in an interactive learning environment
  • Webcams and webcasting have enabled the creation of virtual classrooms and virtual learning environment
  • Screencasting allows users to share their screens directly from their browser and make the video available online so that other viewers can stream the video directly

Government Schemes

  • Many States/UTs have started various e-Governance projects. Though these e-Governance projects were citizen-centric, they could make lesser than the desired impact.
  • A government of India launched the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006. 31 Mission Mode Projects covering various domains were initiated.
  • Despite the successful implementation of many e-Governance projects across the country, e-Governance as a whole has not been able to make the desired impact and fulfill all its objectives.
  • It has been felt that a lot more thrust is required to ensure e-Governance in the country promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices and job opportunities. Moreover, electronic manufacturing in the country needs to be strenghtened

Digital India : In order to transform the entire ecosystem of public services through the use of information technology, the Government of India has launched the Digital India programme with the vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. ICTs can positively contribute to the growth of the economy, employment and productivity.

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The Digital India programme is centered on three key vision areas:

  • Digital Infrastructure

  • Governance & Services

  • Digital Empowerment of Citizens

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Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation (PRAGATI) platform:

  • Is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform 
  • The platform is aimed at addressing common man’s grievances, and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of the Government of India as well as projects flagged by State Governments.
  • The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles three latest technologies: Digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology
  • It is a three-tier system (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States)
  • Prime Minister will hold a monthly programme where he will interact with the Government of India Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries through Video-conferencing enabled by data and geo-informatics visuals
  • The system has been designed in-house by the PMO team with the help of National Informatics Center (NIC).

National Informatics Centre (NIC):

Has emerged as a “prime builder” of e-Government / e-Governance applications up to the grassroots level. The activities are

  • Setting up of ICT Infrastructure
  • Implementation of National and State Level e-Governance Projects
  • Products and Services
  • Consultancy to the government departments
  • Research and Development
  • Capacity Building

Has taken up various initiatives like Government eProcurement System(GePNIC), Office Management Software (eOffice), Hospital Management System (eHospital), Government Financial Accounting Information System (eLekha), etc.

NIC is supporting a majority of the mission mode e-Governance projects.

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

NeGP was approved in 2006 to take a holistic view of e-governance initiatives across the country, integrating them into a collective vision.  As result,

  • massive countrywide infrastructure reaching down to the remotest of villages is being developed
  • large-scale digitization of records is taking place

NeGP comprises 31 mission mode projects (MMPs), which are further classified as a state, central or integrated projects. Each state government can also define five MMPs specific to its individual needs.

  • Most of these projects have been made operational and have started providing services.
  • However, e-governance as a whole has not been able to make the desired impact
  • The availability of electronic government services to citizens was still low
  • Lack of needs analysis, business process re-engineering, interoperability across MMPs, and coping with new technology trends (such as mobile interfaces, cloud computing) were some of the limitations 

This has led to the adoption of a new plan e-Kranti  or NeGP 2.0

e-Kranti / NeGP 2.0

e-Kranti was approved in 2015 with the vision of “Transforming e-Governance for Transforming Governance”. e-Kranti is an important pillar of the Digital India programme. The approach and methodology of e-Kranti are fully aligned with the Digital India programme.

There are 44 Mission Mode Projects under the e-Kranti programme. 

  • A mission mode project (MMP) is an individual project within the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) that focuses on one aspect of electronic governance, such as banking, land records or commercial taxes etc.
  • The projects have clearly defined objectives, scopes, and implementation timelines and milestones, as well as measurable outcomes and service levels.

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