Multidimensional Poverty Index India Rank 2022: MPI 2022 India Rank, UPSC Notes

Multidimensional Poverty Index UPSC

Owing to its factual findings and relevance, the Multidimensional Poverty Index UPSC notes holds great significance in both Prelims and Mains exams under the current affairs section. Candidates can refer to the latest magazines and blogs to stay up-to-date about the happenings of the world. You can also refer to the global MPI UPSC Notes provided below.

The Multidimensional Poverty Index is a medium to calculate poverty in all developing countries of the world. What makes MPI different is the multi-directional approach it follows for its calculations. This multilateral method is fuelled by MPI’s indicators that vary. The need for a wider array of indicators has been felt, as income is an insufficient factor to gauge poverty which is why the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index is a great step forward. Acknowledgement gets us closer to the change we envisage in society.

Multidimensional Poverty Index UPSC PDF

The multidimensional Poverty Index was developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) in association with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the year of 2010. These results are released annually, and it comes under the UNPI’s Human Development Report (HDR).

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index is the report released by OPHI. Its national counterpart is released by the NITI Aayog, namely National Multidimensional Poverty Index.

MPI India rank was last released in September 2021, when India ranked 66 out of the 109 countries that are assessed in the survey. Nearly 1.3 billion people were found to be multi-dimensionally poor under this index.

National Multidimensional Poverty Index

The National MPI is India’s equivalent of the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index developed by the NITI Aayog. It uses the robust procedures followed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative and the UNDP to determine the multidimensionality of poverty among the Indian masses.

Facts about Multidimensional Poverty Index India Rank 2022

This table shall offer a quick overview of the topic and some facts about the global multidimensional poverty index.

Who releases the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index?	OPHI and UNDP
When is it released?	The index is released annually, usually in July. The MPI 2021 India Rank was released in September.
How many countries are under the index’s evaluation?	MPI 2021 judged 109 developing countries
State the 3 dimensions of Global MPI	Health Living Standards Education
MPI 2021 India Rank	66
Define MPI Value	The MPI value is the product of the incidence of poverty and the average of the shared deprivations.
How do you measure MPI?	Incidence of Poverty Number of Poor MPI Value Intensity of Poverty

Indicators and Dimensions of Global MPI

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index has a set of three dimensions with a total of 10 indicators separated under it.

• Health: Nutrition and child mortality
• Education: Years of schooling and school attendance
• Living Standards: Cooking oil, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, and assets

☛ Also Check:

• Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India
• Poverty Estimation in India
• Major reasons for Poverty in India

SDGs in Multidimensional Poverty Index

Along with the 3 dimensions and their further 10 indicators, there is another additional parameter that gets measured in the MPI, that is, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There are 17 Sustainable Development Goals associated with 169 targets and 304 indicators.

Sustainable Development Goals are a set of universally agreed and set goals that all UN member states are expected to put to use while framing their policies and targets. These SDGs have been divided according to the dimensions and indicators they cover in the table below:

Dimensions	Indicators	SDGs
Health	Child Mortality Nutrition	SDG 2 – Zero Hunger SDG 3 – Health and Well-Being
Living Standards	Cooking Oil Housing Drinking Water Sanitation Electricity Assets	SDG 1 – No Poverty SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy SDG 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities
Education	School Attendance Years of Schooling	SDG 4 – Quality Education

Measuring Deprivation using MPI Indicators

According to the OPHI, there are a few points that lead an individual or their family towards deprivation. These indicators of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index are stated below:

A household shall be considered deprived if a household has;

• A malnourished individual within the age group of 0-70 years.
• A child (0-18 years) who passed away 5 years before the Multidimensional Poverty Index survey.
• Not a single individual has completed 6 years of schooling.
• A child in their school-going years not attending school (upto an age where they should be attending class 8)
• Solid fuels (cow dung, etc.) as cooking fuel
• Poor, shared or unavailability of sanitation
• Unavailability of accessible, safe drinking water (should be at a distance that takes less than 30 minutes to cover)
• No electricity
• Inadequate housing materials (roof, walls, etc.)
• No car and only have one of the following; Telephone
  • Computer
  • Radio
  • TV
  • Motorbike
  • Animal cart
  • Bicycle
  • Refrigerator

It is important to take note of the following regarding the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI);

• It is responsible for assessing poverty on an individual level.
• The term ‘MPI Poor’ is used for an individual when he/she is found to be deprived of one-third of the 10 abovementioned indicators.
• The extent of the multidimensions of their poverty is assessed through the amount of deprivation they are going through.

Key Findings from Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2021

The survey is conducted in more than 100 developing countries across the world. The year 2021 saw the participation of 109 countries in total. Here are the key findings from the global MPI 2021 survey:

• There are nearly 1.3 billion people living in multidimensional poverty.
• There are nearly 644 million people who are children out of the total of 1.3 billion, and 105 million are old people (those above 60 years of age)
• According to the demographical data, close to 85% of people are inhabitants of the Sahara, Africa or South Asia. That is a whoopingly high number.
• 84% of the recorded 1.3 billion people still continue to comprise the rural population.
• More than 67% of the total multidimensionally poor lives in middle-income countries.
• Nearly 481 million people live with a child that does not go to school.
• 550 million people lack access to most assets, like, TVs, telephones, radios, computers, etc. Neither do they own a car.
• About 568 million people do not have access to drinking water that has been improved (within 30 minutes of walking)
• 635 million people are in households with no member who’s completed a minimum of six years of schooling.
• 788 million people are in households with atleast one person who is undernourished.
• 678 million people lack electricity in their households.
• A whopping 1 billion people have households that still use cooking fuels that are solid, and lack basic sanitation and substantive housing.

MPI India Rank

Intersectionality within our parameters has needed to exist for a while, as intersectionality has existed in our society for a long now. There are different layers to our societies, and to study them better, we need tools like the multidimensional poverty index. It accurately captures the intensity and extent of poverty. The recent 2021 MPI survey conducted in India uncovered some facts;

• Caste is an unavoidable social stratification in India that directly affects the lives of people. Every five out of six people, poor people come from the lower tribes and castes. They are multidimensionally poor.
• About 9.4% of Scheduled Tribes (STs) are multidimensionally poor.
• Nearly 33.3% of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) are living in poverty.
• And 27.2% of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) live in multidimensional poverty.
• Close to 12% of Indian households and female-led.

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index: Changes Over Time

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index introduced a new section called ‘Changes over Time’ that discussed the optimistic side of things. This section observed the increase in development and welfare of the multidimensionally poor and how the conditions have got a little less bleak over the years.

• Some areas have reported a significant reduction in poverty. The fastest changes were seen in Sierra Leone in the years 2013-17. They were followed by Togo in 2013/4-17.
• Some countries even saw an absolute reduction in poverty, like the North-central area of Liberia in the years 2013–2019/2020 and Province 2 in Nepal in the years 2016–2019.

MPI UPSC Questions

Question 1: The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (UPSC 2012 Prelims)

1. Deprivation of education, health, assets and services at the household level.
2. Purchasing power parity at the national level.
3. Extent of the budget deficit and GDP growth rate at the national level.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

1. 1 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A) 1 only

Question 2: The Multidimensional Poverty Index measures poverty based on: (a) Income level only, (b) Education and health indicators, (c) Socioeconomic status, (d) Multiple dimensions of deprivation

Question 3: MPI was first introduced by: (a) World Bank, (b) United Nations Development Programme, (c) International Monetary Fund, (d) World Health Organization

Question 4: The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) considers which of the following dimensions of poverty?

1. Income, education, and health
2. Education, health, and employment
3. Income, health, and housing
4. Education, health, and housing

Question 5: The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) allows for the comparison of poverty across:

1. Different countries
2. Different regions within a country
3. Different income groups
4. Different ethnic groups

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