CLAT 2022 GNST Sample Test

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

The Supreme Court directed the Centre on Wednesday to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment at the offices of investigating agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigations, the Enforcement Directorate, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which conducts interrogations and have the power of arrest. A bench headed by Justice R.F. Nariman said that states and Union Territories (UTs) should ensure that CCTV cameras are installed at each and every police station, at all entry and exit points, main gate, lock-ups, corridors, lobby, and reception as also areas outside the lock-up rooms so that no part is left uncovered.

The apex court had in 2018 ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in police stations to check human rights abuses. “It said further that the CCTV systems must be equipped with night vision and have audio as well as video footage and it shall be mandatory for the Centre, states, and UTs to purchase such systems which allow storage of data for the maximum period possible, at least one year.”

“In addition, the Union of India is also directed to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment in the offices of Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Department of Revenue Intelligence, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), any other agency which carries out interrogations and has the power of arrest,” said the bench, also comprising Justices K.M. Joseph and Aniruddha Bose. As most of these agencies carry out interrogation in their office(s), CCTVs shall be compulsorily installed in all offices where such interrogation and holding of accused takes place in the same manner as it would in a police station, the bench said in its order.

The top court said that in September this year, it had impleaded all the states and UTs in the matter to find out the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station as well as the constitution of Oversight Committees in accordance with the April 3, 2018 order.

The apex court, while dealing with a matter related to custodial torture, had in July this year taken note of a 2017 case in which it had ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in all the police stations to check human rights abuses, videography of crime scene and setting up of a Central Oversight Committee and such a panel in every state and Union Territory.

In its 12-page order, the bench noted that till November 24, compliance affidavits and action taken reports were filed by 14 states and the majority of them have failed to disclose the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station and other details. It said that state-level oversight committee (SLOC) must consist of a secretary or additional secretary of the home department, secretary or additional secretary of the finance department; director-general or inspector general of police and chairperson or member of the state women’s commission.

It said district-level oversight committee (DLOC) should comprise a divisional commissioner or regional commissioner or revenue commissioner division of the district, district magistrate and superintendent of police, and mayor of a municipality within the district or head of zilla panchayat’ in rural areas. It also specified the duties of SLOC which included purchase, distribution, and installation of CCTVs and equipment, obtain budgetary allocation for the same. It said DLOC shall have the obligations including interacting with the station house officer (SHO) about its functioning and reviewing footage stored from CCTVs in various police stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported. It said adequate funds be allocated for this by the states and UTs at the earliest.

It said duty and responsibility for working, maintenance, and recording of CCTVs shall be of the SHO of the police station concerned. It said in areas where there is either no electricity or internet, it shall be the duty of states and UTs to provide the same expeditiously using any mode of providing power, including solar or wind. Whenever there is information of force being used at police stations resulting in serious injury and/or custodial deaths, it is necessary that persons be free to complain about redressal of the same, it said.

It said SLOC and central oversight body shall give directions to all police stations and agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside police stations, offices of investigative agencies about the coverage of concerned premises by CCTV and this shall be done by large posters in English, Hindi, and vernacular language. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of a violation of his human rights, it said. It said authorities would implement its order both in letter and in spirit as soon as possible. The bench, which posted the matter for hearing on January 27, said that affidavits be filed within six weeks by the principal secretary or cabinet secretary or home secretary of each state and UTs giving a firm action plan with an exact timeline for compliance with the order.

Source: The Wire

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

The Supreme Court directed the Centre on Wednesday to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment at the offices of investigating agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigations, the Enforcement Directorate, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which conducts interrogations and have the power of arrest. A bench headed by Justice R.F. Nariman said that states and Union Territories (UTs) should ensure that CCTV cameras are installed at each and every police station, at all entry and exit points, main gate, lock-ups, corridors, lobby, and reception as also areas outside the lock-up rooms so that no part is left uncovered.

The apex court had in 2018 ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in police stations to check human rights abuses. “It said further that the CCTV systems must be equipped with night vision and have audio as well as video footage and it shall be mandatory for the Centre, states, and UTs to purchase such systems which allow storage of data for the maximum period possible, at least one year.”

“In addition, the Union of India is also directed to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment in the offices of Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Department of Revenue Intelligence, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), any other agency which carries out interrogations and has the power of arrest,” said the bench, also comprising Justices K.M. Joseph and Aniruddha Bose. As most of these agencies carry out interrogation in their office(s), CCTVs shall be compulsorily installed in all offices where such interrogation and holding of accused takes place in the same manner as it would in a police station, the bench said in its order.

The top court said that in September this year, it had impleaded all the states and UTs in the matter to find out the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station as well as the constitution of Oversight Committees in accordance with the April 3, 2018 order.

The apex court, while dealing with a matter related to custodial torture, had in July this year taken note of a 2017 case in which it had ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in all the police stations to check human rights abuses, videography of crime scene and setting up of a Central Oversight Committee and such a panel in every state and Union Territory.

In its 12-page order, the bench noted that till November 24, compliance affidavits and action taken reports were filed by 14 states and the majority of them have failed to disclose the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station and other details. It said that state-level oversight committee (SLOC) must consist of a secretary or additional secretary of the home department, secretary or additional secretary of the finance department; director-general or inspector general of police and chairperson or member of the state women’s commission.

It said district-level oversight committee (DLOC) should comprise a divisional commissioner or regional commissioner or revenue commissioner division of the district, district magistrate and superintendent of police, and mayor of a municipality within the district or head of zilla panchayat’ in rural areas. It also specified the duties of SLOC which included purchase, distribution, and installation of CCTVs and equipment, obtain budgetary allocation for the same. It said DLOC shall have the obligations including interacting with the station house officer (SHO) about its functioning and reviewing footage stored from CCTVs in various police stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported. It said adequate funds be allocated for this by the states and UTs at the earliest.

It said duty and responsibility for working, maintenance, and recording of CCTVs shall be of the SHO of the police station concerned. It said in areas where there is either no electricity or internet, it shall be the duty of states and UTs to provide the same expeditiously using any mode of providing power, including solar or wind. Whenever there is information of force being used at police stations resulting in serious injury and/or custodial deaths, it is necessary that persons be free to complain about redressal of the same, it said.

It said SLOC and central oversight body shall give directions to all police stations and agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside police stations, offices of investigative agencies about the coverage of concerned premises by CCTV and this shall be done by large posters in English, Hindi, and vernacular language. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of a violation of his human rights, it said. It said authorities would implement its order both in letter and in spirit as soon as possible. The bench, which posted the matter for hearing on January 27, said that affidavits be filed within six weeks by the principal secretary or cabinet secretary or home secretary of each state and UTs giving a firm action plan with an exact timeline for compliance with the order.

Source: The Wire

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

The Supreme Court directed the Centre on Wednesday to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment at the offices of investigating agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigations, the Enforcement Directorate, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which conducts interrogations and have the power of arrest. A bench headed by Justice R.F. Nariman said that states and Union Territories (UTs) should ensure that CCTV cameras are installed at each and every police station, at all entry and exit points, main gate, lock-ups, corridors, lobby, and reception as also areas outside the lock-up rooms so that no part is left uncovered.

The apex court had in 2018 ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in police stations to check human rights abuses. “It said further that the CCTV systems must be equipped with night vision and have audio as well as video footage and it shall be mandatory for the Centre, states, and UTs to purchase such systems which allow storage of data for the maximum period possible, at least one year.”

“In addition, the Union of India is also directed to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment in the offices of Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Department of Revenue Intelligence, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), any other agency which carries out interrogations and has the power of arrest,” said the bench, also comprising Justices K.M. Joseph and Aniruddha Bose. As most of these agencies carry out interrogation in their office(s), CCTVs shall be compulsorily installed in all offices where such interrogation and holding of accused takes place in the same manner as it would in a police station, the bench said in its order.

The top court said that in September this year, it had impleaded all the states and UTs in the matter to find out the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station as well as the constitution of Oversight Committees in accordance with the April 3, 2018 order.

The apex court, while dealing with a matter related to custodial torture, had in July this year taken note of a 2017 case in which it had ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in all the police stations to check human rights abuses, videography of crime scene and setting up of a Central Oversight Committee and such a panel in every state and Union Territory.

In its 12-page order, the bench noted that till November 24, compliance affidavits and action taken reports were filed by 14 states and the majority of them have failed to disclose the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station and other details. It said that state-level oversight committee (SLOC) must consist of a secretary or additional secretary of the home department, secretary or additional secretary of the finance department; director-general or inspector general of police and chairperson or member of the state women’s commission.

It said district-level oversight committee (DLOC) should comprise a divisional commissioner or regional commissioner or revenue commissioner division of the district, district magistrate and superintendent of police, and mayor of a municipality within the district or head of zilla panchayat’ in rural areas. It also specified the duties of SLOC which included purchase, distribution, and installation of CCTVs and equipment, obtain budgetary allocation for the same. It said DLOC shall have the obligations including interacting with the station house officer (SHO) about its functioning and reviewing footage stored from CCTVs in various police stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported. It said adequate funds be allocated for this by the states and UTs at the earliest.

It said duty and responsibility for working, maintenance, and recording of CCTVs shall be of the SHO of the police station concerned. It said in areas where there is either no electricity or internet, it shall be the duty of states and UTs to provide the same expeditiously using any mode of providing power, including solar or wind. Whenever there is information of force being used at police stations resulting in serious injury and/or custodial deaths, it is necessary that persons be free to complain about redressal of the same, it said.

It said SLOC and central oversight body shall give directions to all police stations and agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside police stations, offices of investigative agencies about the coverage of concerned premises by CCTV and this shall be done by large posters in English, Hindi, and vernacular language. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of a violation of his human rights, it said. It said authorities would implement its order both in letter and in spirit as soon as possible. The bench, which posted the matter for hearing on January 27, said that affidavits be filed within six weeks by the principal secretary or cabinet secretary or home secretary of each state and UTs giving a firm action plan with an exact timeline for compliance with the order.

Source: The Wire

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

The Supreme Court directed the Centre on Wednesday to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment at the offices of investigating agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigations, the Enforcement Directorate, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which conducts interrogations and have the power of arrest. A bench headed by Justice R.F. Nariman said that states and Union Territories (UTs) should ensure that CCTV cameras are installed at each and every police station, at all entry and exit points, main gate, lock-ups, corridors, lobby, and reception as also areas outside the lock-up rooms so that no part is left uncovered.

The apex court had in 2018 ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in police stations to check human rights abuses. “It said further that the CCTV systems must be equipped with night vision and have audio as well as video footage and it shall be mandatory for the Centre, states, and UTs to purchase such systems which allow storage of data for the maximum period possible, at least one year.”

“In addition, the Union of India is also directed to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment in the offices of Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Department of Revenue Intelligence, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), any other agency which carries out interrogations and has the power of arrest,” said the bench, also comprising Justices K.M. Joseph and Aniruddha Bose. As most of these agencies carry out interrogation in their office(s), CCTVs shall be compulsorily installed in all offices where such interrogation and holding of accused takes place in the same manner as it would in a police station, the bench said in its order.

The top court said that in September this year, it had impleaded all the states and UTs in the matter to find out the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station as well as the constitution of Oversight Committees in accordance with the April 3, 2018 order.

The apex court, while dealing with a matter related to custodial torture, had in July this year taken note of a 2017 case in which it had ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in all the police stations to check human rights abuses, videography of crime scene and setting up of a Central Oversight Committee and such a panel in every state and Union Territory.

In its 12-page order, the bench noted that till November 24, compliance affidavits and action taken reports were filed by 14 states and the majority of them have failed to disclose the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station and other details. It said that state-level oversight committee (SLOC) must consist of a secretary or additional secretary of the home department, secretary or additional secretary of the finance department; director-general or inspector general of police and chairperson or member of the state women’s commission.

It said district-level oversight committee (DLOC) should comprise a divisional commissioner or regional commissioner or revenue commissioner division of the district, district magistrate and superintendent of police, and mayor of a municipality within the district or head of zilla panchayat’ in rural areas. It also specified the duties of SLOC which included purchase, distribution, and installation of CCTVs and equipment, obtain budgetary allocation for the same. It said DLOC shall have the obligations including interacting with the station house officer (SHO) about its functioning and reviewing footage stored from CCTVs in various police stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported. It said adequate funds be allocated for this by the states and UTs at the earliest.

It said duty and responsibility for working, maintenance, and recording of CCTVs shall be of the SHO of the police station concerned. It said in areas where there is either no electricity or internet, it shall be the duty of states and UTs to provide the same expeditiously using any mode of providing power, including solar or wind. Whenever there is information of force being used at police stations resulting in serious injury and/or custodial deaths, it is necessary that persons be free to complain about redressal of the same, it said.

It said SLOC and central oversight body shall give directions to all police stations and agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside police stations, offices of investigative agencies about the coverage of concerned premises by CCTV and this shall be done by large posters in English, Hindi, and vernacular language. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of a violation of his human rights, it said. It said authorities would implement its order both in letter and in spirit as soon as possible. The bench, which posted the matter for hearing on January 27, said that affidavits be filed within six weeks by the principal secretary or cabinet secretary or home secretary of each state and UTs giving a firm action plan with an exact timeline for compliance with the order.

Source: The Wire

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

The Supreme Court directed the Centre on Wednesday to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment at the offices of investigating agencies, including the Central Bureau of Investigations, the Enforcement Directorate, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which conducts interrogations and have the power of arrest. A bench headed by Justice R.F. Nariman said that states and Union Territories (UTs) should ensure that CCTV cameras are installed at each and every police station, at all entry and exit points, main gate, lock-ups, corridors, lobby, and reception as also areas outside the lock-up rooms so that no part is left uncovered.

The apex court had in 2018 ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in police stations to check human rights abuses. “It said further that the CCTV systems must be equipped with night vision and have audio as well as video footage and it shall be mandatory for the Centre, states, and UTs to purchase such systems which allow storage of data for the maximum period possible, at least one year.”

“In addition, the Union of India is also directed to install CCTV cameras and recording equipment in the offices of Central Bureau of Investigation, National Investigation Agency, Enforcement Directorate, Narcotics Control Bureau, Department of Revenue Intelligence, Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), any other agency which carries out interrogations and has the power of arrest,” said the bench, also comprising Justices K.M. Joseph and Aniruddha Bose. As most of these agencies carry out interrogation in their office(s), CCTVs shall be compulsorily installed in all offices where such interrogation and holding of accused takes place in the same manner as it would in a police station, the bench said in its order.

The top court said that in September this year, it had impleaded all the states and UTs in the matter to find out the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station as well as the constitution of Oversight Committees in accordance with the April 3, 2018 order.

The apex court, while dealing with a matter related to custodial torture, had in July this year taken note of a 2017 case in which it had ordered the installation of CCTV cameras in all the police stations to check human rights abuses, videography of crime scene and setting up of a Central Oversight Committee and such a panel in every state and Union Territory.

In its 12-page order, the bench noted that till November 24, compliance affidavits and action taken reports were filed by 14 states and the majority of them have failed to disclose the exact position of CCTV cameras in each police station and other details. It said that state-level oversight committee (SLOC) must consist of a secretary or additional secretary of the home department, secretary or additional secretary of the finance department; director-general or inspector general of police and chairperson or member of the state women’s commission.

It said district-level oversight committee (DLOC) should comprise a divisional commissioner or regional commissioner or revenue commissioner division of the district, district magistrate and superintendent of police, and mayor of a municipality within the district or head of zilla panchayat’ in rural areas. It also specified the duties of SLOC which included purchase, distribution, and installation of CCTVs and equipment, obtain budgetary allocation for the same. It said DLOC shall have the obligations including interacting with the station house officer (SHO) about its functioning and reviewing footage stored from CCTVs in various police stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported. It said adequate funds be allocated for this by the states and UTs at the earliest.

It said duty and responsibility for working, maintenance, and recording of CCTVs shall be of the SHO of the police station concerned. It said in areas where there is either no electricity or internet, it shall be the duty of states and UTs to provide the same expeditiously using any mode of providing power, including solar or wind. Whenever there is information of force being used at police stations resulting in serious injury and/or custodial deaths, it is necessary that persons be free to complain about redressal of the same, it said.

It said SLOC and central oversight body shall give directions to all police stations and agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside police stations, offices of investigative agencies about the coverage of concerned premises by CCTV and this shall be done by large posters in English, Hindi, and vernacular language. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of a violation of his human rights, it said. It said authorities would implement its order both in letter and in spirit as soon as possible. The bench, which posted the matter for hearing on January 27, said that affidavits be filed within six weeks by the principal secretary or cabinet secretary or home secretary of each state and UTs giving a firm action plan with an exact timeline for compliance with the order.

Source: The Wire

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Last year, the Rajasthan government announced its plan to develop the Bundi sanctuary as a tiger reserve to provide a second habitat for tigers in the Ranthambore Reserve. According to experts, there is overcrowding at the Ranthambore reserve, which houses 77 tigers. Over 300 sq km area in the proposed sanctuary will be left as a critical habitat for the animals, while the rest will be a buffer zone, the officials familiar with the matter said. The NTCA is now expected to send a committee to review the Bundi sanctuary, a second official said. Tigers from Ranthambore can only be translocated to the new sanctuary after the NTCA’s approval. Upgrading the sanctuary would resolve the space crunch at Ranthambore reserve, the second official said. Wildlife expert and founder secretary Sariska Tiger Foundation, Dinesh Durani, said the move to increase tiger population and reduce territorial infights is welcome. “But the focus should be on improving the existing tiger habitat and corridors for their easy disbursal,” he said.

Source: Article taken from The Hindustan Times Written by: Sachin Saini, Dated: 05 July, 2021

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Last year, the Rajasthan government announced its plan to develop the Bundi sanctuary as a tiger reserve to provide a second habitat for tigers in the Ranthambore Reserve. According to experts, there is overcrowding at the Ranthambore reserve, which houses 77 tigers. Over 300 sq km area in the proposed sanctuary will be left as a critical habitat for the animals, while the rest will be a buffer zone, the officials familiar with the matter said. The NTCA is now expected to send a committee to review the Bundi sanctuary, a second official said. Tigers from Ranthambore can only be translocated to the new sanctuary after the NTCA’s approval. Upgrading the sanctuary would resolve the space crunch at Ranthambore reserve, the second official said. Wildlife expert and founder secretary Sariska Tiger Foundation, Dinesh Durani, said the move to increase tiger population and reduce territorial infights is welcome. “But the focus should be on improving the existing tiger habitat and corridors for their easy disbursal,” he said.

Source: Article taken from The Hindustan Times Written by: Sachin Saini, Dated: 05 July, 2021

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Last year, the Rajasthan government announced its plan to develop the Bundi sanctuary as a tiger reserve to provide a second habitat for tigers in the Ranthambore Reserve. According to experts, there is overcrowding at the Ranthambore reserve, which houses 77 tigers. Over 300 sq km area in the proposed sanctuary will be left as a critical habitat for the animals, while the rest will be a buffer zone, the officials familiar with the matter said. The NTCA is now expected to send a committee to review the Bundi sanctuary, a second official said. Tigers from Ranthambore can only be translocated to the new sanctuary after the NTCA’s approval. Upgrading the sanctuary would resolve the space crunch at Ranthambore reserve, the second official said. Wildlife expert and founder secretary Sariska Tiger Foundation, Dinesh Durani, said the move to increase tiger population and reduce territorial infights is welcome. “But the focus should be on improving the existing tiger habitat and corridors for their easy disbursal,” he said.

Source: Article taken from The Hindustan Times Written by: Sachin Saini, Dated: 05 July, 2021

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Last year, the Rajasthan government announced its plan to develop the Bundi sanctuary as a tiger reserve to provide a second habitat for tigers in the Ranthambore Reserve. According to experts, there is overcrowding at the Ranthambore reserve, which houses 77 tigers. Over 300 sq km area in the proposed sanctuary will be left as a critical habitat for the animals, while the rest will be a buffer zone, the officials familiar with the matter said. The NTCA is now expected to send a committee to review the Bundi sanctuary, a second official said. Tigers from Ranthambore can only be translocated to the new sanctuary after the NTCA’s approval. Upgrading the sanctuary would resolve the space crunch at Ranthambore reserve, the second official said. Wildlife expert and founder secretary Sariska Tiger Foundation, Dinesh Durani, said the move to increase tiger population and reduce territorial infights is welcome. “But the focus should be on improving the existing tiger habitat and corridors for their easy disbursal,” he said.

Source: Article taken from The Hindustan Times Written by: Sachin Saini, Dated: 05 July, 2021

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Last year, the Rajasthan government announced its plan to develop the Bundi sanctuary as a tiger reserve to provide a second habitat for tigers in the Ranthambore Reserve. According to experts, there is overcrowding at the Ranthambore reserve, which houses 77 tigers. Over 300 sq km area in the proposed sanctuary will be left as a critical habitat for the animals, while the rest will be a buffer zone, the officials familiar with the matter said. The NTCA is now expected to send a committee to review the Bundi sanctuary, a second official said. Tigers from Ranthambore can only be translocated to the new sanctuary after the NTCA’s approval. Upgrading the sanctuary would resolve the space crunch at Ranthambore reserve, the second official said. Wildlife expert and founder secretary Sariska Tiger Foundation, Dinesh Durani, said the move to increase tiger population and reduce territorial infights is welcome. “But the focus should be on improving the existing tiger habitat and corridors for their easy disbursal,” he said.

Source: Article taken from The Hindustan Times Written by: Sachin Saini, Dated: 05 July, 2021

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

Taking selfies and posting them on social media is often derided as a narcissistic, self-absorbed and attention-seeking practice. Filters come in for particular disdain due to the role they play in reinforcing unattainable beauty standards, by making faces lighter, slimmer and wider-eyed than is natural.

Yet feminist, minority and queer activists have argued that selfies can be a way for people to represent and take pride in their identity, sexuality and gender orientation. And recently, my own experiences researching gender, smart cities and urban citizenship in India have led me to see the value of selfies in a new and surprising way.

As part of a recent research project, my team and I were interested in understanding the lives of young women living in slum resettlement colonies on the outskirts of Delhi’s spawling metropolis. To that end, we created a WhatsApp group, and asked 11 women to send in diary entries of their daily experiences in the form of images, text, audio or video as they travelled from their homes to the city over the course of six months.

Our participants turned out to be avid selfie takers. But there’s much more to this than a simple rendition of a millennial trend. Their selfies are digital, visual stories from the margins which capture their struggles and accomplishments as they step out from women’s traditional role in the home and navigate the largely male-dominated realm of the city.

Getting a personal mobile phone is a significant event in the lives of these women. Families only permit the women to have their own phone after a series of difficult negotiations, as families are anxious that the phones could lead to what families perceive as “transgressive” behaviour, such as disobeying parents, breaking curfew, talking to men, or wearing Western clothes. Our participants convinced their families that having a phone is essential for keeping safe and staying in touch, when they have to go into the city for “legitimate” reasons such as work or education.

Smart phones usually come at a price which their families cannot afford, so when women start working, they often spend their first salary to get one of the cheaper Android devices and pay off the full cost in monthly instalments. Data is affordable and connectivity can be instantaneous. Having a personal phone enables women to leave the home and communicate with others away from the gaze of the family, so they see it as giving the gift of freedom.

Women celebrate this freedom using the phone’s front-facing camera. Of course, they take selfies for fun, using filters to transform their faces with amusing and outlandish templates. But they also take selfies to record their visits to different places, celebrate their friendships and mark their coming of age as smart, connected young women, enjoying urban life – even when poor network connectivity means phones frequently crash and apps fail.

Source: https://scroll.in/article/911717/for-these-women-living-in-the-outskirts-of-delhi-selfies-are-a-way-to-claim-their-identity

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

Taking selfies and posting them on social media is often derided as a narcissistic, self-absorbed and attention-seeking practice. Filters come in for particular disdain due to the role they play in reinforcing unattainable beauty standards, by making faces lighter, slimmer and wider-eyed than is natural.

Yet feminist, minority and queer activists have argued that selfies can be a way for people to represent and take pride in their identity, sexuality and gender orientation. And recently, my own experiences researching gender, smart cities and urban citizenship in India have led me to see the value of selfies in a new and surprising way.

As part of a recent research project, my team and I were interested in understanding the lives of young women living in slum resettlement colonies on the outskirts of Delhi’s spawling metropolis. To that end, we created a WhatsApp group, and asked 11 women to send in diary entries of their daily experiences in the form of images, text, audio or video as they travelled from their homes to the city over the course of six months.

Our participants turned out to be avid selfie takers. But there’s much more to this than a simple rendition of a millennial trend. Their selfies are digital, visual stories from the margins which capture their struggles and accomplishments as they step out from women’s traditional role in the home and navigate the largely male-dominated realm of the city.

Getting a personal mobile phone is a significant event in the lives of these women. Families only permit the women to have their own phone after a series of difficult negotiations, as families are anxious that the phones could lead to what families perceive as “transgressive” behaviour, such as disobeying parents, breaking curfew, talking to men, or wearing Western clothes. Our participants convinced their families that having a phone is essential for keeping safe and staying in touch, when they have to go into the city for “legitimate” reasons such as work or education.

Smart phones usually come at a price which their families cannot afford, so when women start working, they often spend their first salary to get one of the cheaper Android devices and pay off the full cost in monthly instalments. Data is affordable and connectivity can be instantaneous. Having a personal phone enables women to leave the home and communicate with others away from the gaze of the family, so they see it as giving the gift of freedom.

Women celebrate this freedom using the phone’s front-facing camera. Of course, they take selfies for fun, using filters to transform their faces with amusing and outlandish templates. But they also take selfies to record their visits to different places, celebrate their friendships and mark their coming of age as smart, connected young women, enjoying urban life – even when poor network connectivity means phones frequently crash and apps fail.

Source: https://scroll.in/article/911717/for-these-women-living-in-the-outskirts-of-delhi-selfies-are-a-way-to-claim-their-identity

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

Taking selfies and posting them on social media is often derided as a narcissistic, self-absorbed and attention-seeking practice. Filters come in for particular disdain due to the role they play in reinforcing unattainable beauty standards, by making faces lighter, slimmer and wider-eyed than is natural.

Yet feminist, minority and queer activists have argued that selfies can be a way for people to represent and take pride in their identity, sexuality and gender orientation. And recently, my own experiences researching gender, smart cities and urban citizenship in India have led me to see the value of selfies in a new and surprising way.

As part of a recent research project, my team and I were interested in understanding the lives of young women living in slum resettlement colonies on the outskirts of Delhi’s spawling metropolis. To that end, we created a WhatsApp group, and asked 11 women to send in diary entries of their daily experiences in the form of images, text, audio or video as they travelled from their homes to the city over the course of six months.

Our participants turned out to be avid selfie takers. But there’s much more to this than a simple rendition of a millennial trend. Their selfies are digital, visual stories from the margins which capture their struggles and accomplishments as they step out from women’s traditional role in the home and navigate the largely male-dominated realm of the city.

Getting a personal mobile phone is a significant event in the lives of these women. Families only permit the women to have their own phone after a series of difficult negotiations, as families are anxious that the phones could lead to what families perceive as “transgressive” behaviour, such as disobeying parents, breaking curfew, talking to men, or wearing Western clothes. Our participants convinced their families that having a phone is essential for keeping safe and staying in touch, when they have to go into the city for “legitimate” reasons such as work or education.

Smart phones usually come at a price which their families cannot afford, so when women start working, they often spend their first salary to get one of the cheaper Android devices and pay off the full cost in monthly instalments. Data is affordable and connectivity can be instantaneous. Having a personal phone enables women to leave the home and communicate with others away from the gaze of the family, so they see it as giving the gift of freedom.

Women celebrate this freedom using the phone’s front-facing camera. Of course, they take selfies for fun, using filters to transform their faces with amusing and outlandish templates. But they also take selfies to record their visits to different places, celebrate their friendships and mark their coming of age as smart, connected young women, enjoying urban life – even when poor network connectivity means phones frequently crash and apps fail.

Source: https://scroll.in/article/911717/for-these-women-living-in-the-outskirts-of-delhi-selfies-are-a-way-to-claim-their-identity

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

Taking selfies and posting them on social media is often derided as a narcissistic, self-absorbed and attention-seeking practice. Filters come in for particular disdain due to the role they play in reinforcing unattainable beauty standards, by making faces lighter, slimmer and wider-eyed than is natural.

Yet feminist, minority and queer activists have argued that selfies can be a way for people to represent and take pride in their identity, sexuality and gender orientation. And recently, my own experiences researching gender, smart cities and urban citizenship in India have led me to see the value of selfies in a new and surprising way.

As part of a recent research project, my team and I were interested in understanding the lives of young women living in slum resettlement colonies on the outskirts of Delhi’s spawling metropolis. To that end, we created a WhatsApp group, and asked 11 women to send in diary entries of their daily experiences in the form of images, text, audio or video as they travelled from their homes to the city over the course of six months.

Our participants turned out to be avid selfie takers. But there’s much more to this than a simple rendition of a millennial trend. Their selfies are digital, visual stories from the margins which capture their struggles and accomplishments as they step out from women’s traditional role in the home and navigate the largely male-dominated realm of the city.

Getting a personal mobile phone is a significant event in the lives of these women. Families only permit the women to have their own phone after a series of difficult negotiations, as families are anxious that the phones could lead to what families perceive as “transgressive” behaviour, such as disobeying parents, breaking curfew, talking to men, or wearing Western clothes. Our participants convinced their families that having a phone is essential for keeping safe and staying in touch, when they have to go into the city for “legitimate” reasons such as work or education.

Smart phones usually come at a price which their families cannot afford, so when women start working, they often spend their first salary to get one of the cheaper Android devices and pay off the full cost in monthly instalments. Data is affordable and connectivity can be instantaneous. Having a personal phone enables women to leave the home and communicate with others away from the gaze of the family, so they see it as giving the gift of freedom.

Women celebrate this freedom using the phone’s front-facing camera. Of course, they take selfies for fun, using filters to transform their faces with amusing and outlandish templates. But they also take selfies to record their visits to different places, celebrate their friendships and mark their coming of age as smart, connected young women, enjoying urban life – even when poor network connectivity means phones frequently crash and apps fail.

Source: https://scroll.in/article/911717/for-these-women-living-in-the-outskirts-of-delhi-selfies-are-a-way-to-claim-their-identity

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

In the decade to 2010, life expectancy in England for the worst off increased by three years. In the last 10 years, according to a landmark study, life expectancy has stalled for everyone in the country, the first levelling-off of health gains for a century. It is a national scandal that has poor women living shorter lives. In England, men in the poorest housing estates die, on average, nine and a half years earlier than those in the grandest homes. The poor in this country will not only die sooner, they will also spend more of their lives with a disability. In developed countries, death rates are supposed to decline. However, since 2011 there has been no sign of a decrease in mortality for people aged under 50. As the report warns: “If health has stopped improving it is a sign that society has stopped improving.”

It is clear that something has gone very wrong. According to the report, the slowdown in life expectancy improvements cannot be attributed solely to severe winters or flu. It states that inequalities are a matter of life and death, of health and sickness, of wellbeing and misery. It is unfair that in England people in different social circumstances experience avoidable differences in health, wellbeing and length of life. Yet the poor odds of life’s lottery are a result of political choices made since 2010.

What has happened in the last decade has been a significant erosion of power of those in the bottom half of society and a sharp increase in the power of those at the top. This transfer of power has coincided with an economic crisis: productivity growth, the source of a continued rise in the standard of living, has flatlined, and total average wages are still behind their pre-crash peak.

The instinct of all British governments has been to help the poorest. This is a good thing. But ministers cannot just level up the chances of those at the very bottom of the pile; they must flatten the steep social gradient of health inequality. If ministers spend money only on improving things for the worst-off, then what happens to those just above the bottom, or at the median, who have worse health than those above them? This is not bureaucratic point-scoring. Around three in four people cannot expect to be disability-free at 68. So, one has to address the inequalities for the bottom 75% of the country if you want to have a healthy population working at 68 – as envisaged by statute.

Source: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/25/the-guardian-view-on-inequality-and-health-a-matter-of-life-and-death

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

In the decade to 2010, life expectancy in England for the worst off increased by three years. In the last 10 years, according to a landmark study, life expectancy has stalled for everyone in the country, the first levelling-off of health gains for a century. It is a national scandal that has poor women living shorter lives. In England, men in the poorest housing estates die, on average, nine and a half years earlier than those in the grandest homes. The poor in this country will not only die sooner, they will also spend more of their lives with a disability. In developed countries, death rates are supposed to decline. However, since 2011 there has been no sign of a decrease in mortality for people aged under 50. As the report warns: “If health has stopped improving it is a sign that society has stopped improving.”

It is clear that something has gone very wrong. According to the report, the slowdown in life expectancy improvements cannot be attributed solely to severe winters or flu. It states that inequalities are a matter of life and death, of health and sickness, of wellbeing and misery. It is unfair that in England people in different social circumstances experience avoidable differences in health, wellbeing and length of life. Yet the poor odds of life’s lottery are a result of political choices made since 2010.

What has happened in the last decade has been a significant erosion of power of those in the bottom half of society and a sharp increase in the power of those at the top. This transfer of power has coincided with an economic crisis: productivity growth, the source of a continued rise in the standard of living, has flatlined, and total average wages are still behind their pre-crash peak.

The instinct of all British governments has been to help the poorest. This is a good thing. But ministers cannot just level up the chances of those at the very bottom of the pile; they must flatten the steep social gradient of health inequality. If ministers spend money only on improving things for the worst-off, then what happens to those just above the bottom, or at the median, who have worse health than those above them? This is not bureaucratic point-scoring. Around three in four people cannot expect to be disability-free at 68. So, one has to address the inequalities for the bottom 75% of the country if you want to have a healthy population working at 68 – as envisaged by statute.

Source: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/25/the-guardian-view-on-inequality-and-health-a-matter-of-life-and-death

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.

In the decade to 2010, life expectancy in England for the worst off increased by three years. In the last 10 years, according to a landmark study, life expectancy has stalled for everyone in the country, the first levelling-off of health gains for a century. It is a national scandal that has poor women living shorter lives. In England, men in the poorest housing estates die, on average, nine and a half years earlier than those in the grandest homes. The poor in this country will not only die sooner, they will also spend more of their lives with a disability. In developed countries, death rates are supposed to decline. However, since 2011 there has been no sign of a decrease in mortality for people aged under 50. As the report warns: “If health has stopped improving it is a sign that society has stopped improving.”

It is clear that something has gone very wrong. According to the report, the slowdown in life expectancy improvements cannot be attributed solely to severe winters or flu. It states that inequalities are a matter of life and death, of health and sickness, of wellbeing and misery. It is unfair that in England people in different social circumstances experience avoidable differences in health, wellbeing and length of life. Yet the poor odds of life’s lottery are a result of political choices made since 2010.

What has happened in the last decade has been a significant erosion of power of those in the bottom half of society and a sharp increase in the power of those at the top. This transfer of power has coincided with an economic crisis: productivity growth, the source of a continued rise in the standard of living, has flatlined, and total average wages are still behind their pre-crash peak.

The instinct of all British governments has been to help the poorest. This is a good thing. But ministers cannot just level up the chances of those at the very bottom of the pile; they must flatten the steep social gradient of health inequality. If ministers spend money only on improving things for the worst-off, then what happens to those just above the bottom, or at the median, who have worse health than those above them? This is not bureaucratic point-scoring. Around three in four people cannot expect to be disability-free at 68. So, one has to address the inequalities for the bottom 75% of the country if you want to have a healthy population working at 68 – as envisaged by statute.

Source: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/25/the-guardian-view-on-inequality-and-health-a-matter-of-life-and-death

Direction: Study the following information to answer the questions.

In TATA group there are 5200 employees in five different subsidiary companies – TATA Retail, TATA Life, TATA Logistic, TATA Solar and TATA Steel. Out of the total number of female employees in the organization, 27% work in TATA Retail, 22% work in TATA Logistic, 16% work in TATA Life and the remaining 840 female employees in TATA Solar. Out of the total male employees in the group, 14% work in TATA Retail, 30% work in TATA Logistic, 25% work in TATA Life, 11% work in the TATA Solar and the remaining employees work in TATA Steel.

Direction: Study the following information to answer the questions.

In TATA group there are 5200 employees in five different subsidiary companies – TATA Retail, TATA Life, TATA Logistic, TATA Solar and TATA Steel. Out of the total number of female employees in the organization, 27% work in TATA Retail, 22% work in TATA Logistic, 16% work in TATA Life and the remaining 840 female employees in TATA Solar. Out of the total male employees in the group, 14% work in TATA Retail, 30% work in TATA Logistic, 25% work in TATA Life, 11% work in the TATA Solar and the remaining employees work in TATA Steel.

Direction: Study the following information to answer the questions.

In TATA group there are 5200 employees in five different subsidiary companies – TATA Retail, TATA Life, TATA Logistic, TATA Solar and TATA Steel. Out of the total number of female employees in the organization, 27% work in TATA Retail, 22% work in TATA Logistic, 16% work in TATA Life and the remaining 840 female employees in TATA Solar. Out of the total male employees in the group, 14% work in TATA Retail, 30% work in TATA Logistic, 25% work in TATA Life, 11% work in the TATA Solar and the remaining employees work in TATA Steel.